BPLTTC

The largest tabular meta-analysis of blood pressure (BP)-lowering trials has suggested similar proportional benefits of BP-lowering at different baseline trial-level BP for a range of cardiovascular outcomes, but it is unclear if the benefits are consistently observed across patient subgroups. Furthermore, tabular meta-analyses are unable stratify by baseline BP and history of cardiovascular disease at an individual level, and to control for competing events. A detailed individual patient data meta-analysis will provide in-depth examination of BP-lowering at different baseline levels, the impact on bBP changes, and the different proportional effects on major cardiovascular outcomes (coronary heart disease, stroke and heart failure).

The evidence for the benefits of antihypertensive medication in the reduction of cardiovascular disease is clear, some studies raised the possibility of some adverse effects, such as the risk of developing cancer. There is no clear mechanism why we expect to see this increase in risk, as the hypothesised pathway is linked to the drug class (addressed in the project below) but not on BP-lowering effects. However, these suggested associations have been based on observational studies, hence, we examine this association using randomised evidence of BP-lowering trials.

While the evidence for the benefits of antihypertensive medication in the reduction of cardiovascular disease is well-established, concerns have been raised about possible unintended consequences in the use of these drugs, including increasing the risk of developing cancer. Several hypotheses have been posited linking the pathways of specific drug classes to cancer, including the blockade of angiotensin II receptors by ARBs which could increase cell proliferation, angiogenesis and tumour progression, and the photosensitising properties of thiazide diuretics that could increase skin cancer susceptibility. In the current cycle of the BPLTTC, cancer outcomes have been requested from the collaborators, providing a large number of cancer outcomes that were not published before. In this proposed study, we plan to investigate the effects of using specific classes of blood pressure-lowering treatments on the risk of cancer.

The third cycle of the BPLTTC offers an opportunity to investigate, in more detail, the effects of pharmacologic lowering on long-term blood pressure across a number of patient groups. Considering the differences in follow-up duration across trials and the diversity in the patient populations being studies, the approach taken for standardisation of treatment effects might be relevant particularly in understanding overall and subgroup findings. Futher, the frequency of remeasurements of blood pressure vary across trials, which raises questions around comparability of blood pressure differences across the trials. We plan to obtain precise estimation of the effect of blood pressure-lowering treatment on long-term blood pressure overall and across patient subgroups, and to quantify these effects using different methods that include simply comparing blood pressure difference between treatment arms to methods that also account for between and within-person variability.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia and its incidence and prevalence are on the rise across the globe, fuelled by population ageing and other cardiometabolic risk factors. AF is associated with an increased risk of fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events, particularly stroke. Hypertension is very common in patients with AF. However, evidence demonstrating the impact of blood pressure-lowering treatment in patients with AF on cardiovascular events remains limited. Therefore, this project will compare the effects of antihypertensive treatment in patients with and without AF at baseline.

As previously indicated, atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common clinically significant cardiac arrhythmia and its incidence and prevalence are rising globally. Although hypertension doubles the risk of developing AF, there is uncertainty around whether antihypertensive treatment can effectively reduce the risk of AF. This project aims to understand the effects of antihypertensive drugs on new-onset and recurrent AF.

Previous studies of effects of different classes of blood pressure-lowering drugs on risk of diabetes have reported contradictory findings. Some have reported that beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics increased the risk, while renin-angiotensin system inhibitors decreased the risk of diabetes. However, limited sample size of studies based on an individual trial may make their findings unreliable. In this project, we aim to provide robust evidence on the effect of blood pressure-lowering drugs overall and by drug classes on risk of incident diabetes.

Multimorbidity, defined as the presence of two or more diseases in the same patient, is a growing epidemic worldwide and it is also increasingly common in patients with cardiovascular disease. However, such patients have been typically excluded or underrepresented in clinical studies, and hence the balance of harms and benefits of blood pressure-lowering treatment in patients with multiple comorbidities remains poorly understood. Therefore, this project aims to investigate whether the efficacy and safety of antihypertensive treatment varies by number and ‘clusters’ of baseline comorbidities. Combining the large number of trials included in BPLTTC will allow overcoming the lack of power of individual trials to perform multiple subgroup analyses.

Several guidelines, including the 2017 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) BP guideline and the 2018 European Society of Hypertension/European Society of Cardiology BP guideline, recommend measuring BP outside of the office setting and withholding the initiation and intensification of antihypertensive medication among those with white coat hypertension and white coat effect, respectively, and initiating and intensifying treatment among those with masked hypertension and masked uncontrolled hypertension, respectively. However, there are no data from large randomized outcomes trials testing whether initiating antihypertensive medication among adults with white coat hypertension and masked hypertension and intensifying treatment among those with white coat effect and masked uncontrolled hypertension reduces the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) or all-cause mortality. Adopting a published algorithm to define hypertension phenotypes, we will investigate these questions using the BPLTTC resource

While tabular meta-analyses have shown the benefits of blood pressure-lowering in reducing cardiovascular disease risk, it is unclear if the benefits are consistently observed across a wide range of ages in men and women. Meta-analyses based on aggregate data are unable stratify by age and sex at an individual level, and to control for competing events. A detailed individual patient data meta-analysis will provide in-depth analysis of blood pressure-lowering treatment effects on major cardiovascular events in men and women and across a wide range of ages.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD), irrespective of the underlying cause. Recent aggregate-data meta-analyses have provided conflicting evidence on the effects of BP-lowering treatment in patients with CKD. Therefore, the impact of BP reduction on progression of CKD and prevention of cardiovascular events remains uncertain. Furthermore, whether reducing albuminuria could be a proxy for prevention of cardiovascular disease also remains controversial. There is also limited evidence suggesting that some drug classes may afford greater cardiovascular protection and reduction of proteinuria. This project aims to investigate the effects of BP reduction in patients with CKD overall and stratified by drug class. The interaction of treatment with albuminuria/proteinuria will also be investigated.

As BP lowering reduces renal perfusion pressure, it is expected and not unusual for estimated glomerular filtration rate to decrease by 10 to 20% in patients treated for hypertension. Although this decline is usually limited to the first few weeks of treatment and stabilizes thereafter, concerns about potentially increased risk of renal impairment and eventual progression to renal failure often limit BP lowering treatment. Therefore, this project aims to investigate the effects of BP-lowering treatment on renal function overall and stratified by drug classes and baseline BP. The interaction with baseline comorbidities including chronic kidney disease, diabetes and cardiovascular disease will also be investigated and subgroup analysis performed if significant interactions are found.

Some observational analyses have suggested that initiation of blood pressure lowering therapy is associated with an increased risk of fractures. However, these analyses are susceptible to confounding (sicker elderly patients being initiated on BP lowering medication). In contrast, an analysis of HYVET indicated that BP lowering in the elderly reduced the rate of fractures. An IPD meta-analysis will investigate the long-term effect of antihypertensive therapy on falls/fractures in more detail.